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AN ANALYSIS OF DETERMINANT OF
MARINE VESSEL ACCIDENT INVOLVING IN NIGERIA WATERWAYS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
A vessel accident is an unintended happening. Its severity
may vary from no vessel damage to the complete loss of the vessel, no cargo
damage, to loss of the entire cargo, and no crew injuries to deaths (Talley,
Jin, & Kite-Powell, 2005). Thus, vessels safety regulations and their
enforcement focus on prevention and reduction of severity of marine vessel
accident. Accident involving marine vessels is common in inland and coastal
navigation where requisite safety regulation may not be strictly observed. This
is of serious consequence since such occurrences impact on safety of shipping
in inland/coastal and inland waterways especially in developing countries.
Across the globe, similar cases of marine vessels accidents
at sea (and in seaports) have been documented. For example: Darbra and Casal
(2004) conducted a study on 471 cases of marine accidents that occurred from
1941-2002 in Hong Kong. They observe that 57% of the accidents occurred while
vessel was underway at sea and 43% of accident in ports. Various causal factors
have been documented; for example, the Maritime Safety Authority of New Zealand
asserts that between the periods of 1995 -1996; 49% of marine vessel incidents
were attributed to human factors, 35% due to technical factors while 16% were
caused by environmental factors. Similarly Rothblum (2002), reports that
between 75 and 96% of marine vessel casualties are caused atleast in part by
some form of human error. Further empirical evidence also indicates that human
error accounts for 84-88% of tanker accidents, 79% of towing vessel groundings,
89-96% of collisions, 75% of all collisions, 75% of fires and explosions
(Rothblum, 2002).
Similarly, Talley et al. (2005) observe that UK Thomas
P&I Club survey of 1,500 insurance claims for shipping accidents around the
world between 1987 and 1990, had found that 90% of the accidents were caused by
human error. Two-thirds of the accidents involving personal injury claims were
due to human error, e.g. carelessness or recklessness under commercial
pressures, a misplaced sense of overconfidence, or a lack of either knowledge
or experience. Human factor in this context is defined by Rothblum (2002) as
one of the following: incorrect decision, an improperly performed action, or an
improper lack of action (inaction). These statistics are disturbing given the
level of measures so far adopted by local and international organizations to
improve the standard of shipping and navigation.
Maritime safety is governed by the combination of
international rules and regulations, national regulations of the flag states
and port states, port regulations, rules of the Classification Societies and
Insurance Companies.
In addition, quite a number of conventions have been ratified
by contracting governments some of which include: International Conventions on
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), Standards for Training and Watch Keeping (STCW);
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).
Others are International Convention on Loadlines (LL) and Convention on
International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREG) etc. This
regulatory system, which is supported by the Safety Management Systems of the
shipping companies serve as a framework for continuous assessment of safety
regimes in the world maritime industry. Prior to 1998, the focus of ratified
IMO safety conventions was the vessel, e.g. its construction and equipment,
rather than human actions aboard the vessel. The subsequent introduction of
IMO’s International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for
Pollution Prevention changed the focus from the vessel to human actions on
board vessel. By this code, shipping lines are now required to document their
management procedures for detecting and eliminating unsafe human behavior. This
shift towards regulating human actions aboard a vessel was motivated by the
fact that: (i) most vessel accidents are caused by human error; (ii) vessel
accident claims are often attributed to human error; and (iii) it is less
expensive to change human behavior than it is to redesign vessels for safety
(Talley, et al., 2005).
The key to preventing marine vessel accident caused by human
related factors however is to identify the types of risk factors, and then
apply relevant intervention to check those factors in the future. Many
operators undertake such efforts internally, and the IMO and industry trade
groups have made significant advances in developing prevention programs that
address human factors. However, there is room for improvement, both in terms of
preventive initiatives and the metrics used to gauge their effectiveness. The
outcome of this research will improve both our understanding of the
contribution of human and other causal factors of accident involving marine
vessel and hence support implementation of prevention measures that effectively
target these factors.
Statement of the
problem
In recent times, cases of marine vessel casualties involving
personal injury, deaths and property/ environmental damage have grown in tandem
with increased vessel traffic associated with oil prospecting activities and
other commercial seaborne transportation in Niger-Delta/coastal regions of
Nigeria. For example, statistics (cumulative figures) based on the study
carried out by Dogarawa (2012) indicate that between year 2000 to 2009, a total
number of five hundred and fifty- two (552) persons died either as a result of
marine vessel and boat capsizing or collision in inland waters of Nigeria. This
figure indicates an average fatality rate of about 55 deaths per year excluding
vessel and cargo losses, in Nigeria’s coastal and inland waterways in the last
ten years. Based on anecdotal evidence from some of the investigated cases;
over- loading, excessive speeding, poor attention to weather condition,
abandoned wrecks on navigation channels, incompetence and inadequate
navigational aids are implicated.
Objectives of the study
The objectives of this study are to:
i. Assess the incidence of marine vessel accidents in
Nigeria’s waterways.
ii. Determine the risk factors that lead to marine vessel
accidents in Nigeria’s waterways.
Research questions
i. Explain the
incidence of marine vessel accidents in Nigeria’s waterways.
ii. What are the risk factors that lead to marine vessel
accidents in Nigeria’s waterways.
Research hypothesis
i. Human factors related to safety training, overloading of
vessel and speeding are not significant causes of marine vessel accident.
ii. Environmental factors related to wind, visibility, sea
condition and weather condition do not significantly cause marine vessels
accident.
iii. Marine vessel equipment/machinery failure is not
significant causal factor of accident.
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